Effect of clenching with a mouthguard on head acceleration during heading of a soccer ball

Self-Instruction Exercise No. 376
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Exercise No. 376
Subject Code: 154
Sports Dentistry & Mouthguards

The 15 questions for this exercise are based on the article, Effect of clenching with a mouthguard on head acceleration during heading of a soccer ball, on pages 41-46. This exercise was developed by Jean J. Carlson, DDS, FAGD, in association with the General Dentistry Self-Instruction committee.

Reading the article and successfully completing this exercise will enable you to:

  • understand the nature of concussion injuries in soccer athletes;
  • recognize the relationship between the activity of various muscle groups and head stability; and
  • understand the importance of clenching on a mouthguard (MG) to prevent injuries resulting from soccer ball heading.

Answers for this exercise must be received by October 31, 2016.
  1. Concussions account for approximately ______% of all soccer injuries.

    A. 12
    B. 22
    C. 32
    D. 42

  2. Headed balls travel at peak values in the range of _______ m/s during high school soccer games.

    A. 46.2
    B. 33.8
    C. 25.2
    D. 17.8

  3. All of the following are recommended techniques to reduce traumatic brain injury except one. Which is the exception?

    A. improved coaching techniques
    B. modifications in rules
    C. improved player selection
    D. increased medical supervision

  4. Masseter muscle activity has been understood to improve neck stability. Jaw clenching also contributes to stiffness of all joints in the body.

    A. Both statements are true.
    B. The first statement is true; the second is false.
    C. The first statement is false; the second is true.
    D. Both statements are false.

  5. The amplitude of the __________ reflex increases significantly during clenching.

    A. Tromner
    B. Hoffmann
    C. Hasegawa
    D. Babinski

  6. The thickness of MGs used in the study was approximately _____ mm at the first molars.

    A. 2
    B. 3
    C. 4
    D. 5

  7. Acceleration showed a mean gravitational force of _____ g during drill 1.

    A. 18.4
    B. 28.4
    C. 38.4
    D. 48.4

  8. Mean masseter muscle activity during drill 3 was measured to be _____ µV/s2.

    A. 124.0
    B. 134.0
    C. 144.0
    D. 154.0

  9. Mean sternocleidomastoid muscle activity during drill 2 was observed to be _______ µV/s2.

    A. 113.5
    B. 123.5
    C. 133.5
    D. 143.5

  10. The threshold for concussion is considered to be approximately _____ g.

    A. 100
    B. 90
    C. 80
    D. 70

  11. Without instruction, players clenched with sternocleidomastoid muscle activity before coming into contact with the ball. This specific muscle activity was equally as strong as that recorded during the other drills.

    A. Both statements are true.
    B. The first statement is true; the second is false.
    C. The first statement is false; the second is true.
    D. Both statements are false.

  12. During drill 2, clenching without an MG, participants exhibited ________________.

    A. unchanged masseter activity
    B. decreased sternocleidomastoid activity
    C. reduced head acceleration
    D. decreased clenching

  13. Hollis et al found that consistent use of MGs by rugby players reduced the incidence of traumatic brain injury by approximately ______%.

    A. 80
    B. 70
    C. 60
    D. 50

  14. The average linear acceleration of impacts incurred during games is ____ g.

    A. 24.89
    B. 25.39
    C. 26.89
    D. 27.39

  15. Cervical muscle strength results in ___________________.

    A. increased severity of impact
    B. decreased force of head acceleration
    C. decreased mass of head-neck-trunk during contraction
    D. increased risk of concussion injuries

Evaluation
Please respond to the statements below, using the following scale:
1 Poor; 2 Below average; 3 Average; 4 Above average; 5 Excellent
Practicality of the content 1 2 3 4 5
Benefit to your clinical practice 1 2 3 4 5
Quality of illustrations 1 2 3 4 5
Clarity of objectives 1 2 3 4 5
Clarity of exercise questions 1 2 3 4 5
Relevance of exercise questions 1 2 3 4 5
 
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